Manufacturing, Engineering and Technology Manufacturing and Assembly

Kraft Pulping By Product Conversion To Recyclable Chemicals And Steam Training

SAQA US 114267 | NQF 4 | Credits 31 | Duration 28 Days
From $4,423 per delegate

Description

This course equips learners with the knowledge and skills to convert by-products from the kraft pulping process into recyclable chemicals and steam. It covers the principles of chemical recovery, energy efficiency, and environmental compliance within the pulp and paper industry.

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe the chemical recovery cycle in kraft pulping and identify key by-products.
  • Apply principles of black liquor evaporation and combustion to generate steam and recover chemicals.
  • Analyze the efficiency of recovery processes and identify opportunities for improvement.
  • Implement safety procedures for handling high-temperature and high-pressure recovery equipment.
  • Evaluate environmental impacts and compliance requirements for chemical recovery operations.
  • Demonstrate proper start-up, shutdown, and troubleshooting of recovery boiler operations.

Target Audience

This course is designed for process operators, chemical engineers, and technical personnel working in or entering the kraft pulping sector who need to understand by-product recovery and conversion.

Prerequisites

None — open enrollment

Course Outline

Day 1: Introduction to Kraft Pulping and By-Products

Objectives:
• Understand the kraft pulping process and its by-products.
• Identify the main by-products: black liquor, turpentine, tall oil.
• Explain the environmental and economic importance of by-product recovery.

Topics:
• Overview of kraft pulping chemistry.
• By-product formation mechanisms.
• Composition and properties of black liquor.
• Turpentine and tall oil recovery basics.
• Environmental regulations and sustainability.
• Economic drivers for by-product conversion.

Day 2: Black Liquor Evaporation and Concentration

Objectives:
• Describe the evaporation process for black liquor.
• Explain the role of multiple-effect evaporators.
• Calculate concentration levels and energy requirements.

Topics:
• Principles of evaporation.
• Multiple-effect evaporator design.
• Heat transfer and steam economy.
• Scaling and fouling issues.
• Viscosity and solids content control.
• Safety considerations in evaporation.

Day 3: Recovery Boiler Operation and Steam Generation

Objectives:
• Understand recovery boiler functions.
• Explain steam generation from black liquor combustion.
• Identify key operating parameters and safety systems.

Topics:
• Recovery boiler components.
• Combustion chemistry of black liquor.
• Steam cycle and heat recovery.
• Bed burning and smelt formation.
• Emissions control (SOx, NOx, particulates).
• Emergency shutdown procedures.

Day 4: Causticizing and Lime Kiln Operations

Objectives:
• Describe the causticizing process.
• Explain lime mud reburning in the lime kiln.
• Understand chemical recovery loop efficiency.

Topics:
• Green liquor clarification.
• Slaking and causticizing reactions.
• White liquor production.
• Lime mud filtration and washing.
• Lime kiln operation and fuel options.
• Energy integration in the recovery loop.

Day 5: Turpentine Recovery and Processing

Objectives:
• Describe turpentine recovery from digester relief gases.
• Explain condensation and decantation.
• Understand quality specifications and uses.

Topics:
• Sources of turpentine in kraft mills.
• Gas collection and cooling systems.
• Decanter design and operation.
• Turpentine purification.
• Storage and handling safety.
• Market applications (solvents, resins).

Day 6: Tall Oil Recovery and Refining

Objectives:
• Explain tall oil soap skimming and acidulation.
• Describe crude tall oil refining.
• Understand by-products: rosin, fatty acids, pitch.

Topics:
• Soap skimming from black liquor.
• Acidulation process (sulfuric acid).
• Crude tall oil composition.
• Distillation and fractionation.
• Rosin and fatty acid applications.
• Environmental management of tall oil refining.

Day 7: Steam Distribution and Utilization in the Mill

Objectives:
• Understand steam quality and pressure levels.
• Explain steam distribution network.
• Identify steam end-users and condensate recovery.

Topics:
• Steam headers and pressure reduction.
• Steam traps and condensate return.
• Heat exchangers and process heating.
• Power generation via back-pressure turbines.
• Energy balance optimization.
• Insulation and heat loss reduction.

Day 8: Chemical Recovery Efficiency and Optimization

Objectives:
• Calculate chemical recovery efficiency.
• Identify losses in the recovery cycle.
• Apply optimization techniques.

Topics:
• Mass balance for sodium and sulfur.
• Reduction efficiency in recovery boiler.
• Causticizing efficiency.
• Lime kiln operation effects.
• Non-process elements and purge.
• Process control strategies.

Day 9: Environmental Management and Emissions Control

Objectives:
• Understand air and water emissions from by-product conversion.
• Describe treatment technologies.
• Comply with legal requirements.

Topics:
• TRS (total reduced sulfur) emissions.
• Particulate matter control.
• Wastewater from evaporation and causticizing.
• Odor control systems.
• Effluent treatment (primary, secondary).
• Environmental monitoring and reporting.

Day 10: Safety, Health, and Risk Management

Objectives:
• Identify hazards in recovery operations.
• Apply risk assessment methods.
• Implement safety procedures.

Topics:
• Chemical hazards (caustic, acid, H2S).
• Fire and explosion risks.
• Confined space entry.
• Personal protective equipment.
• Emergency response plans.
• Safety audits and incident investigation.

Day 11: Instrumentation and Process Control

Objectives:
• Describe key measurements in recovery.
• Explain control loops.
• Troubleshoot common control issues.

Topics:
• Flow, level, temperature, pressure sensors.
• Online analyzers (pH, conductivity, solids).
• DCS and PLC basics.
• Control strategies (cascade, feedforward).
• Alarm management.
• Data logging and trending.

Day 12: Maintenance and Reliability of Recovery Equipment

Objectives:
• Understand maintenance strategies.
• Identify common failure modes.
• Plan preventive maintenance.

Topics:
• Corrosion and erosion in evaporators.
• Recovery boiler tube failure mechanisms.
• Lime kiln refractory maintenance.
• Pump and valve maintenance.
• Condition monitoring techniques.
• Spare parts management.

Day 13: Energy Recovery and Cogeneration

Objectives:
• Explain cogeneration principles.
• Calculate power-to-heat ratio.
• Optimize steam use for power generation.

Topics:
• Back-pressure and extraction turbines.
• Condensing turbines.
• Heat recovery steam generators.
• Power generation economics.
• Load following and grid integration.
• Energy efficiency benchmarks.

Day 14: Advanced By-Product Conversion Technologies

Objectives:
• Explore emerging technologies.
• Evaluate lignin extraction and gasification.
• Understand biorefinery concepts.

Topics:
• Lignin precipitation and filtration.
• Lignin to biofuel conversion.
• Black liquor gasification.
• Turpentine to renewable chemicals.
• Tall oil biodiesel.
• Integration with pulp mill operations.

Day 15: Quality Control and Product Specifications

Objectives:
• Describe quality parameters for recovered chemicals.
• Explain sampling and analysis methods.
• Implement quality assurance.

Topics:
• Turpentine purity tests (distillation range).
• Tall oil acid number and saponification.
• White liquor effective alkali.
• Steam purity and conductivity.
• Laboratory analytical techniques.
• Statistical process control.

Day 16: Troubleshooting and Problem Solving

Objectives:
• Diagnose common process upsets.
• Apply root cause analysis.
• Develop corrective actions.

Topics:
• Evaporator scaling and fouling.
• Recovery boiler bed instability.
• Causticizing lime mud quality issues.
• Turpentine contamination.
• Tall oil emulsion problems.
• Case studies and group exercises.

Day 17: Regulatory Compliance and Reporting

Objectives:
• Understand South African environmental legislation.
• Prepare compliance reports.
• Manage waste streams.

Topics:
• National Environmental Management Act.
• Air Quality Act (emission limits).
• Water Use License conditions.
• Waste classification and disposal.
• Reporting to authorities.
• Environmental audits.

Day 18: Economic Analysis and Cost Optimization

Objectives:
• Calculate operating costs of recovery processes.
• Evaluate capital projects.
• Optimize chemical and energy recovery.

Topics:
• Cost of chemicals (NaOH, lime).
• Energy costs and savings.
• Payback period for new equipment.
• Life cycle cost analysis.
• Benchmarking against best practices.
• Business case development.

Day 19: Integration of By-Product Conversion with Mill Operations

Objectives:
• Understand interdependencies.
• Optimize overall mill performance.
• Plan for capacity changes.

Topics:
• Effect of pulp production on by-product yields.
• Balancing steam and power demands.
• Impact of wood species.
• Seasonal variations.
• Debottlenecking strategies.
• Case study: mill integration.

Day 20: Course Review and Assessment

Objectives:
• Consolidate learning.
• Demonstrate competence via assessment.
• Provide feedback.

Topics:
• Review of key concepts.
• Written exam (theory).
• Practical assessment.
• Group discussion and Q&A.
• Course evaluation.
• Certification.

Practicals

64 hours of practicals To be conducted online or on-campus or in-house
Overview

Practical sessions are essential to develop hands-on skills in operating, monitoring, and troubleshooting recovery equipment. Learners will simulate black liquor evaporation, recovery boiler operation, causticizing, and steam distribution using pilot-scale or virtual simulators, and perform laboratory analyses on by-product samples.

Practical Activities
  • Black Liquor Evaporation Simulation — Operate a multiple-effect evaporator simulator, adjusting steam flow and feed rate to achieve target solids concentration. (16h)
  • Recovery Boiler Operation and Steam Generation — Use a recovery boiler simulator to manage combustion, steam generation, and bed conditions under normal and upset scenarios. (16h)
  • Causticizing and Lime Kiln Lab — Perform lab-scale causticizing and lime mud reburning, measuring white liquor effective alkali and lime reactivity. (16h)
  • Turpentine and Tall Oil Recovery Practical — Simulate turpentine condensation and decantation, and tall oil soap acidulation in a laboratory setting. (16h)

Summatives

Each delegate is assessed continuously throughout the course via daily exercises, scored practical assignments, and a final summative test at the end.

Practical Assignments — 30%

Practical assignments are observed and scored against a rubric during the practical sessions. Each delegate's practical mark is averaged into a single 100% score and contributes 30% to the final total.

Daily Exercises — 20%

Every training day ends with a multiple-choice exercise scored out of 100%. The scores from each daily exercise are averaged across the duration of the course to produce a Daily Average mark, which contributes 20% to the final total.

Final Test — 50%

On the last day a final summative test is written. It is a multiple-choice paper with multiple-answer questions: each question may have more than one correct option, and a single wrong selection on a question marks the entire question wrong — no partial credit. The final test is scored out of 100% and contributes 50% to the overall mark.

Final Total
Component Out of Weight
Practical Assignments (rubric-scored) 100% 30%
Daily Average (multiple choice) 100% 20%
Final Test (multi-answer multiple choice) 100% 50%
Final Total 100%

All marks are recorded on the AATICD LMS and visible to each learner under their account.

Certificate

Certificate of Completion

Awarded to delegates who achieve an overall mark of 50% or higher on the Final Total (Practicals 30% + Daily Average 20% + Final Test 50%).

How it works
  • Certificates are auto-generated on the AATICD LMS as soon as the marks pass the 50% threshold.
  • Each certificate is a branded PDF with the delegate's name, the course title, the unit standard ID, NQF level, credits, and the date of issue.
  • You can download or print your certificate from your LMS dashboard at any time after issue — there's no reissue fee and no expiry date.
  • If you scored under 50% you can sit the final test again at the next scheduled session at no extra cost.
Where to find it

Sign in to the LMS, open your dashboard, and your certificates appear under My Certificates. Each entry has a View / Download button and a print option.

Training Discounts

Group discounts apply automatically — the more delegates you enrol, the greater the saving. Discounts are calculated at 3% per 5 delegates, scaling up to 40% off for 100+ delegates.

Delegates Discount
5 3% off
10 6% off
15 9% off
20 12% off
25 15% off
30 18% off
50 30% off
75 35% off
100 40% off

3% discount per 5 delegates, up to 40% off for 100+ delegates. Contact us for a custom group quote.

Upcoming Training Sessions
Online training — attend live sessions from anywhere via our virtual classroom.
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Fri 11 Sep 2026 Tue 20 Oct 2026 Virtual Spring 2026 $4,423 Register
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On-Campus training — face-to-face sessions at our training venues across Africa and beyond.
Showing all 497 sessions across 26 venues
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Tue 04 Aug 2026 Thu 10 Sep 2026 Pretoria, South Africa Winter 2026 $6,631 Register
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In-House training — we bring the trainer to your organisation, tailored to your team.
Start End Delivery Season Price Action
Mon 14 Sep 2026 Wed 21 Oct 2026 Your Premises Spring 2026 $5,751 Register
Fri 09 Oct 2026 Tue 17 Nov 2026 Your Premises Spring 2026 $5,751 Register
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Thu 25 Mar 2027 Mon 03 May 2027 Your Premises Autumn 2027 $5,751 Register
Wed 16 Jun 2027 Fri 23 Jul 2027 Your Premises Winter 2027 $5,751 Register
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Thu 07 Oct 2027 Mon 15 Nov 2027 Your Premises Spring 2027 $5,751 Register
Wed 27 Oct 2027 Fri 03 Dec 2027 Your Premises Spring 2027 $5,751 Register
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Wed 05 Jan 2028 Fri 11 Feb 2028 Your Premises Summer 2027 $5,751 Register
Tue 25 Jan 2028 Thu 02 Mar 2028 Your Premises Summer 2027 $5,751 Register
Training Discounts
Delegates Discount
5 3% off
10 6% off
15 9% off
20 12% off
25 15% off
30 18% off
50 30% off
75 35% off
100 40% off

3% off per 5 delegates, up to 40% for 100+

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