Provide Relevant Nursing Care In Order To Meet Needs Identified According To The Scientific Approach To Nursing Training

Objectives:
• Define the scientific approach and its relevance to nursing practice.
• Identify the steps of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation.
• Explain the role of evidence-based practice in nursing.
• Differentiate between subjective and objective data collection methods.

Topics:
• Overview of the nursing process
• Scientific method vs. nursing process
• Importance of critical thinking
• Introduction to evidence-based practice
• Data collection techniques
• Ethical considerations in nursing care

Objectives:
• Conduct a systematic health assessment using inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
• Differentiate between focused and comprehensive assessments.
• Document assessment findings accurately.
• Identify normal versus abnormal findings.

Topics:
• Head-to-toe assessment framework
• Vital signs measurement and interpretation
• Health history interview techniques
• Physical examination skills
• Documentation standards (SOAP notes)
• Recognizing red flags

Objectives:
• Formulate nursing diagnoses using NANDA-I taxonomy.
• Prioritize nursing diagnoses based on urgency and patient needs.
• Differentiate between nursing and medical diagnoses.
• Apply clinical reasoning to validate diagnoses.

Topics:
• NANDA-I nursing diagnoses
• Diagnostic process: clustering cues
• Prioritization frameworks (Maslow, ABCs)
• Collaborative problems
• Common diagnostic errors
• Case studies: formulating diagnoses

Objectives:
• Develop SMART goals and outcomes for patient care.
• Design individualized care plans incorporating patient preferences.
• Select appropriate nursing interventions based on evidence.
• Outline evaluation criteria for expected outcomes.

Topics:
• Goal setting: SMART framework
• Care plan components
• Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)
• Patient-centred care principles
• Interdisciplinary collaboration in planning
• Documenting care plans

Objectives:
• Execute nursing interventions safely and effectively.
• Adapt interventions to patient responses and changing conditions.
• Demonstrate proper technique for common procedures.
• Communicate interventions clearly to healthcare team.

Topics:
• Direct vs. indirect care interventions
• Standard precautions and infection control
• Medication administration safety
• Wound care basics
• Patient education techniques
• Delegation and supervision

Objectives:
• Evaluate patient progress toward expected outcomes.
• Modify care plans based on evaluation findings.
• Use evaluation data to improve nursing practice.
• Document evaluation results appropriately.

Topics:
• Outcome evaluation methods
• Reassessment techniques
• Quality improvement indicators
• Audit and feedback
• Revising care plans
• Case study: evaluation cycle

Objectives:
• Assess pain using validated tools (numeric, Wong-Baker, etc.).
• Develop a pain management plan incorporating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.
• Evaluate effectiveness of pain interventions.
• Address barriers to pain management.

Topics:
• Pain physiology and types
• Pain assessment scales
• Pharmacological: analgesics, adjuvants
• Non-pharmacological: heat/cold, relaxation
• Pain documentation
• Cultural considerations

Objectives:
• Identify imbalances in fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base status.
• Interpret relevant laboratory values (e.g., Na+, K+, pH).
• Implement nursing interventions to correct imbalances.
• Monitor patient response to therapy.

Topics:
• Fluid compartments and regulation
• Electrolyte imbalances: causes and symptoms
• ABG interpretation basics
• IV therapy and maintenance
• Documentation of intake and output
• Complications of imbalance

Objectives:
• Assess nutritional status and elimination patterns.
• Develop care plans addressing nutritional deficits and elimination issues.
• Implement interventions such as feeding assistance and bowel management.
• Educate patients on dietary modifications.

Topics:
• Nutritional screening tools (MUST, MNA)
• Enteral and parenteral nutrition
• Bowel elimination: constipation, diarrhoea
• Urinary elimination: incontinence, retention
• Dietary modifications for chronic conditions
• Documentation of nutrition and elimination

Objectives:
• Assess mobility and risk for falls.
• Implement fall prevention strategies.
• Assist patients with safe transfers and ambulation.
• Use assistive devices appropriately.

Topics:
• Mobility assessment (e.g., get-up-and-go test)
• Fall risk assessment tools
• Safe patient handling techniques
• Use of walkers, canes, wheelchairs
• Environmental safety modifications
• Restraint alternatives

Objectives:
• Assess skin integrity and pressure injury risk (Braden scale).
• Implement preventive measures for pressure injuries.
• Clean and dress wounds using aseptic technique.
• Monitor wound healing and document appropriately.

Topics:
• Skin assessment techniques
• Pressure injury staging
• Wound cleansing and debridement
• Dressing selection
• Negative pressure wound therapy basics
• Documentation of wound status

Objectives:
• Apply standard and transmission-based precautions.
• Identify signs and symptoms of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
• Implement infection control measures in daily care.
• Educate patients and families on infection prevention.

Topics:
• Hand hygiene compliance
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Isolation precautions
• Sterile technique for procedures
• HAI surveillance
• Antibiotic stewardship basics

Objectives:
• Prepare patients physically and psychologically for surgery.
• Provide intraoperative and postoperative care.
• Monitor for complications such as haemorrhage or infection.
• Educate patients on postoperative recovery.

Topics:
• Preoperative assessment and teaching
• Surgical site marking and consent
• Intraoperative nursing roles
• Postoperative monitoring (vital signs, pain)
• Wound and drain management
• Discharge planning

Objectives:
• Assess and manage common chronic conditions (diabetes, hypertension, COPD).
• Develop self-management education plans.
• Coordinate multidisciplinary care for chronic disease.
• Monitor for complications and exacerbations.

Topics:
• Chronic disease pathophysiology overview
• Medication management
• Lifestyle modifications
• Home monitoring techniques
• Support groups and resources
• Palliative care integration

Objectives:
• Assess mental health status using screening tools.
• Provide therapeutic communication and support.
• Identify signs of common mental health disorders (depression, anxiety).
• Implement de-escalation techniques for agitated patients.

Topics:
• Mental status examination (MSE)
• Therapeutic communication techniques
• Common psychiatric conditions
• Crisis intervention
• Psychotropic medication basics
• Stigma reduction

Objectives:
• Provide antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care.
• Assess newborn health using APGAR and other tools.
• Educate mothers on breastfeeding and newborn care.
• Identify complications in pregnancy and postpartum.

Topics:
• Antenatal assessments and screenings
• Stages of labour and nursing support
• Postpartum haemorrhage prevention
• Newborn assessment and resuscitation
• Immunization schedules
• Family planning counselling

Objectives:
• Assess growth and development using age-appropriate tools.
• Provide family-centred care for paediatric patients.
• Administer medications safely to children.
• Recognize signs of child abuse and neglect.

Topics:
• Growth charts and developmental milestones
• Paediatric pain assessment
• Medication dosage calculations
• Common childhood illnesses
• Child protection protocols
• Play therapy and distraction

Objectives:
• Assess age-related changes in physical and cognitive function.
• Implement interventions to promote healthy ageing.
• Manage polypharmacy and medication interactions.
• Address elder abuse and end-of-life issues.

Topics:
• Physiological ageing changes
• Cognitive assessment (MMSE, MoCA)
• Fall prevention in elderly
• Medication review and reconciliation
• Advanced care planning
• Elder abuse screening

Objectives:
• Apply legal frameworks (Nursing Act, Health Professions Act) to practice.
• Obtain informed consent and maintain confidentiality.
• Resolve ethical dilemmas using decision-making models.
• Document care in compliance with legal standards.

Topics:
• Scope of practice and accountability
• Patient rights and advocacy
• Informed consent process
• Confidentiality and POPIA
• Ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, justice
• Incident reporting and disclosure

Objectives:
• Synthesize all nursing process steps in a comprehensive care plan.
• Demonstrate clinical reasoning and decision-making in complex scenarios.
• Present a case study integrating assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• Reflect on professional growth and areas for development.

Topics:
• Comprehensive case study analysis
• Simulated patient scenarios
• Peer review and feedback
• Quality improvement project presentation
• Self-assessment and reflective practice
• Final assessment: written and practical